sexta-feira, abril 18, 2008

O celular (10) Fim

A etnografia do celular

Tudo tem um fim, só o programa do governo é que tem vários. Comecei esta série com referências a Simmel, o que me valeu sugestões de traduzir o texto para português. Tarefa grande, sobretudo quando a tradução envolve não só o domínio das duas línguas (principalmente da língua para a qual se traduz) como também envolve um entendimento da tese do autor. Este último aspecto é um problema. São poucos os que podem dizer, com confiança e certeza, que entendem Simmel. Eu não faço parte desse clube. Já li e reli passagens centrais do texto a que me referi aqui ao longo dos últimos dez anos, li dezenas de recensões críticas e li muita coisa inspirada em Simmel. Mesmo assim, não tenho a sensação de perceber muito bem para onde ele nos quer levar. Só tenho a vaga ideia de que ele está a dizer coisas muito importantes e que estão ligadas à estrutura (ou forma para usar a sua própria terminologia) à interacção.

Algo me diz, por exemplo, que a filosofia do dinheiro é uma espécie de metáfora da energia que alimenta a nossa cultura através da descrição do seu símbolo mais importante. Nessa ordem de ideias, o dinheiro seria o símbolo da relatividade inesgotável da existência, isto é dos vários pontos de vista e perspectivas que cada momento da vida produz ou torna possível. O dinheiro é um mercado de possibilidades que abre os nossos olhos a tudo quanto é possível fazer e se torna possível imaginar. Ler Simmel significa, receio, ficar incoerente no momento da partilha do lido. Em postagens anteriores referi-me insistentemente ao embate entre o subjectivo e o objectivo, sobretudo quando falava da relação entre o indivíduo e a cultura. Simmel diz que o valor, por exemplo, tem um carácter objectivo que se constitui, porém, no carácter subjectivo do desejo. Ou por outra, o valor não é possível sem a valorização, o que equivale a dizer que o valor se constitui no momento em que cada um de nós atribui importância e escolhe certas coisas em detrimento de outras. O dinheiro traduz simplesmente a relação de troca que manifesta os diferentes pesos que damos ao nosso desejo.

A pergunta que me coloquei a mim mesmo foi de saber que relação é que o celular, no nosso contexto, traduz. É evidente para mim que o celular não vale pela sua utilidade como aparelho de comunicação, embora depois de várias interpelações recebidas do André José e do Patrício Langa, deva enfraquecer este reparo. Não obstante, reduzir o celular a essa função tão profana seria o mesmo que reduzir a pertinência da universidade ao combate contra a pobreza absoluta. Yowé! Há alguma coisa dentro da nossa sociedade e, sobretudo, dentro da estrutura das nossas relações sociais que elevou o celular a um outro patamar de valor que recusa a sua redução à utilidade profana. Que coisa é essa?

Penso que é a relação entre o indivíduo e o colectivo ou, para melhor falar, a negociação de um espaço individual dentro de um movimento insistente que procura fazer diluir o individual no colectivo. Aqui levantam-se dois problemas bicudos que vou tratar, rapidamente, a partir de dois pontos de vista, a saber (i) estético e (ii) político. O problema estético é mais simples e reduz-se essencialmente à questão de saber de que maneira o celular documenta o nosso sentido estético. O que é importante para os moçambicanos? Deixem-me ilustrar isto com uma experiência recente na companhia do Filimone Meigos e de dois colegas cabo verdianos, a Carla Santos e o Felisberto Martins, em Maputo. Estávamos a fazer um pequeno exercício de observação no âmbito de um seminário de métodos organizado pelo CODESRIA e pelo Centro de Estudos Africanos. Fomos observar o comportamento de peões e automobilistas em dois cruzamentos de estradas, um dos quais com semáforo. Notámos uma coisa trivial, mas ao mesmo tempo bastante esclarecedora. Com efeito, notámos que o cruzamento com semáforo alargava o espaço de acção dos peões, pois ao contrário do cruzamento sem semáforo, onde eles tinham que olhar para todos os lados, no com semáforo até podiam atravessar mesmo no epicentro, pois sabiam de onde esperar ou não esperar viaturas. Isto é, a imposição de uma regra/norma longe de limitar os indivíduos, alargava os seus raios de acção.

O mesmo fenómeno se observa em relação ao celular. É um objecto para comunicação que nos liberta da co-presença física e do telefone fixo. Mas ao mesmo tempo abre possibilidades para mais coisas que só ficam visíveis quando já temos o objecto em mãos. Porque é que os peões não interpretaram a regra (e norma) estabelecida pelo semáforo como uma limitação e não como uma libertação? O mesmo se passa com os automobilistas, curiosamente. Igualmente, porque é que nós interpretamos o celular como um objecto que nos permite fazer tudo menos (essencialmente) comunicar (dizendo coisa com coisa) com outros em momentos (socialmente) relevantes? Penso que a resposta a esta pergunta passa por percebermos o nosso sentido de estética, isto é o que é importante para embelezar a nossa vida. A questão, para ser ainda mais directo e chato, é de saber porque nos deixamos tão facilmente levar pelo que é supérfluo quando lidamos com artefactos da modernidade? Em tempos publiquei uma série de artigos no jornal Notícias a reflectir sobre o que chamei de presentes envenenados. Isso mesmo. Porque é que o que é (ou poderia ser) bom tem a tendência de ficar mau entre nós?

O ponto de vista político está de alguma maneira ligado a este problema estético. Na verdade, a presença do celular coloca desafios à própria sociedade. Usar celular significa domesticá-lo e domesticar significa negociar regras e formas de uso com as outras pessoas que partilham estes espaços connosco. Como se faz isso no nosso país? Que mecanismos existem no seio da nossa sociedade que nos permitem determinar as condições de uso de um objecto como este? Não estou a sugerir que se crie uma instituição para nos dar instrucções sobre como usar o celular. Estou apenas interessado em saber como a nossa sociedade lida com a inovação, como ela negoceia novas formas de sociabilidade, enfim, como chegamos a consensos sobre maneiras aceitáveis de estar na vida.

Também no jornal Notícias já publiquei em tempos uma série de artigos em que defendia a ideia de que um dos maiores desafios que se colocava à nossa sociedade eram as boas maneiras. Referia-me à irresponsabilidade política, por exemplo, para perguntar que instâncias haveria na nossa sociedade que pudessem apresentá-la como manifestação de falta de respeito e forçassem uma espécie de mal-estar na sociedade. As más maneiras, na verdade, são o pano de fundo de muita coisa que temos dificuldades em explicar, mesmo ao nível político. Não sei se sou o único que se chateia constantemente em Maputo com automobilistas que, impávidos e serenos, páram no meio de uma das faixas de rodagem, acendem a emergência e, pelo menos na Julius Nyerere ao lado do Nautilus, vão comprar pão na padaria aí ao lado sem o mínimo de consideração por todos os carros que têm que fazer manobras perigosas para contornar o obstáculo. Sou o único? Não? Porque não fazemos nada? É porque também fazemos o mesmo? Ah, está bem.

Fazer a etnografia do celular – por mais incompleta que esta esteja – é, quanto a mim, não só enumerar as coisas que se tornam possíveis com ele e o que é que fazer essas coisas significa para a estrutura das nossas relações, mas acima de tudo interrogar-se sobre o papel da política como espaço de realização de cidadania. Volto, portanto, ao grande desafio que a negociação de espaços de afirmação individual constitui num contexto em que o colectivo se insinua de forma grosseira e interrogo-me sobre as condições que precisam de ser criadas (por quem?) para que essa afirmação não degenere (o caso do vídeo explícito do cantor Ziqo é um exemplo paradigmático que se pode apreender facilmente), não estimule comportamentos nocivos à responsabilidade pública e, acima de tudo, não conduza a sociedade a fazer desvio de aplicação no uso de artefactos que, em princípio, estão aqui para nos facilitar a vida.

Aqui, e como quase sempre, só aflorei as questões. Alguém com pena de mim e do país pode prosseguir com algo mais sólido e substancial que nos ajude a perceber melhor o que está em questão. Acho que o celular, para além de todo o ridículo das formas de uso a que nos submete, ou é submetido, é uma metáfora excelente de um desafio que a nossa sociedade ainda não começou a tomar seriamente em consideração. O mesmo conjunto de perguntas que podemos colocar ao celular, podemos também colocar a várias outras coisas. Peguem nas seguintes coisas: democracia, responsabilidade, legalidade, veículo automóvel, cerveja e música hiphop. Agora substituam a palavra “celular” por cada uma delas nas perguntas que se seguem: que usos do celular se afirmam e impõem no nosso contexto para além do uso normal do objecto? Que aspectos da organização e consistência da nossa sociedade tornam esses usos possíveis? Que condições seriam necessárias para que não fóssemos objecto do celular? Estão a ver?

3 comentários:

Bayano Valy disse...

achei este artigo interessante.

No signal: The mobile phone refuseniks
We chat, we text, we roam and we run up huge bills. Most of us couldn't imagine life without them. But there remain a smattering of rebels who refuse to adopt mobile phones. Why do they resist? And how on earth do they manage?

Interviews by Simon Usborne
Monday, 26 May 2008


The luddite: Christopher Hirst, writer



Using a mobile phone strikes me as being a little bit like making coffee: if you're out and about and fancy an espresso, you go into a coffee shop you don't cart around a cappuccino maker with you. There was a time, not too long ago, when we had a system that meant you didn't have to remember to take a phone with you everywhere you went into a phone box and paid your 20p.

I did get a mobile phone about two years ago, but never used it and then very quickly lost it. I think it probably ended up in a drawer somewhere, lost in that terrible whirlpool of things in cupboards which disappear. I just couldn't see the point. I think if you've got children to keep track of, then it's essential, but I work from home working at the "Apple face" and am at the end of my landline phone.

Last week, my wife and I were in different part of the Chelsea Flower Show, so it would have been nice to have one then. But it's yet another thing to learn how to use and, ultimately, lose. We had some people for dinner on Saturday and one of them left her mobile behind, so we had to trail off to deliver it to her the next day.

I also find myself getting marginally irritated by mobile phones, much as I try not to be. People become obsessed with looking at them and fiddling with them. It's all right if you're a teenager, but there's something pathetic about adults checking their mobiles all the time and texting. People get equally irritated by my failure to use one. If you're supposed to be meeting someone, they will ask for your mobile. They're completely flummoxed when you say you haven't got one, as if it's the end of the world. The thing is, you're either there or you're not it makes no difference if you can be contacted or not.

I suppose there's an element of Luddism behind my attitude. It's not as if I crack away at the typewriter or anything I've got a computer but I'm only technological within defined limits. I don't understand the male obsession with gadgets. A good book that's what you need.

The peace-lover: Brian Sewell, art critic


Mobile phones are one of those things nobody ever knew they needed until somebody invented them. Many people have tried to persuade me to get one, but I have always resisted. I find the way they interrupt lunch or a discussion extremely irritating. It's bad enough when it's in the presence of a landline, but when you're out in the street or having lunch, or just sitting on a bench in the park, and the telephone rings, it's the end of peace and quiet. I would go so far as to say it is the end of civilisation.

My friends know me well enough that, if their phone rings, I will give them 10 seconds before I walk away. That is more than enough time for people to ask for somebody to call them back. Too often, they don't and I am there, a human being not a voice being bounced off satellites and stars and goodness know what waiting for them to finish. No no, it's totally uncivilised.

People have terrible trouble getting through to me because I don't have a computer, either. But they are incredibly stupid. They go to endless lengths to find me on the internet and they can't. So they leave messages with my employer but only leave their email address, knowing I don't have a computer. They don't think to leave a telephone number or an address to which I can reply.

There is also the possibility that a mobile phone could be the end of me. I have a heart condition that requires a pacemaker, and one of the instructions that comes with it is not to use a mobile phone or other things that produce a signal. I went to a Japanese theatrical performance at Sadler's Wells, where, in order to understand it, one had to use a translating gadget. When I switched it on, it completely wrecked the rhythm of my pacemaker. I almost lost consciousness and thought I might die, before I realised it was this machine and switched it off. Two minutes later, everything had recovered.

I think it would be useful to have a mobile phone if one were to break down and need to ring the AA. I was involved in a car accident not very long ago and a witness kindly handed me a mobile phone, but I had no idea how to make it work. I had to give it back.

The free spirit: Gabrielle Collard, web producer


I had a mobile phone for 15 years and really needed it when I started out as a freelance web designer. Then I went travelling for seven months and gave my phone to a friend. I didn't miss it at all, and when I came home I didn't think about getting one for a while. In the end, I decided I really didn't need one. I didn't think it was at all odd until other people started expressing their fears, which surprised me. "What if this happened or that happened?" they would say, but I can't think of any occasion where I've had a problem. I'm sure if my car broke down I could stop someone and ask them to phone for help. There are always other people around, and what we forget is that, on the whole, people are nice. It's also easy living in London because there are phone boxes if you really need one.

There are lots of good things about not having a mobile. It's another thing to clutter up your life that I don't need. I don't have to remember to charge it or take it with me I often used to forget it and I don't have to worry about it ringing at awkward times. It's liberating; sometimes it felt like having an umbilical cord you couldn't cut. If I went back to being freelance or became a plumber or a mobile hairdresser, I'd get a mobile straight away I'm not stupid but for now I've cut the cord and really enjoy the freedom.

The hermit: Carolyn Braby, finance manager


It's pretty much unheard of among people my age not to have a mobile phone, but I'm very happy without one. It's a slippery slope. As soon as you have one, you can't manage without. Paradoxically, I also find them very antisocial. They're invasive and intrusive, and I don't like the way they make people behave.

You have so little privacy in London and what little you have is too often invaded. Where once a bus would have been silent, there are now half-a-dozen conversations going on, and conversations that were once private take place in public spaces. They are also a menace on the street, not least when you get stuck behind somebody walking extremely slowly, trying to type a text message.

My dad used to be a radio engineer and would often talk about the danger of being close to a radio signal. Where we used to keep transmitters at a safe distance, we now press them to our ears. Some studies have suggested we won't know about the long-term effects of using mobile phones for several years.

Naturally, there are occasions when you need to make a call, so I use phone boxes I think that it's only me and pimps that still do. The quality has gone downhill a bit recently they don't clean out the cards very often any more and somebody has usually urinated in them within the past 48 hours but 40p buys you a 30-minute local call, which I think is very good value. And you never have to queue.

The phonophobe: Lee Bullman, writer


I used to have a mobile, but I left it in a bar and really enjoyed not having one. By the time I'd found it, I'd told everyone I'd lost it so I stuck it in a drawer and haven't used it since. I was never a big fan anyway I'm not keen on phones of any sort. I prefer talking to people face to face. And mobiles are such a hassle. You lose them, the batteries run out all the time, or you drop it and the thing breaks. It's much easier without one.

The phone I use when I have to make calls is an antique with a dial you crank. I don't have a TV or CD player I stick to a record player but I'm not a Luddite; I have a laptop and my wife has a BlackBerry, which is annoying because it means she's always working.

People are shocked when you admit to not having a mobile, but I can't understand why. I'm nearly 40 and grew up without one without any problem. It's not that I think they're evil, but I do worry about all the crap that must be floating through the air.

I'd be lying if I said there haven't been occasions when a mobile would have been useful, but you can always borrow one. Or you can just be late. The other day I was going to be 20 minutes late to meet the missus. If I had a mobile, I could have phoned to say: "I'm going to be 20 minutes late" or, like we all would have done 20 years ago, I would just be 20 minutes late.

The stick-in-the-mud: Marcus Berkmann, quiz compiler


I've never had a mobile phone. Initially I didn't think there was any point I'm at home all the time, and if people want to contact me, here I am but it has become more than that. An element of meanness has crept in I think that even if things changed and I did need one, I would resist out of natural cussedness and stubbornness. People are constantly telling me I should learn to drive, too, and I haven't done that either there's a whole list of things I haven't done.

It's not that I am a technophobe I use email and I'm on Facebook, for God's sake. But not having a mobile phone gives me a sense of freedom and privacy I enjoy. I quite like the idea that when I'm out, I can't be contacted. A lot of people I know say they wouldn't have one if they didn't have to for work. It has become something people are obliged to have. I work for myself, and if there are going to be any advantages to doing that, I'll take as many as I can get. In some way, you could say I'm a hypocrite because I run a cricket team and ring the other players on their mobiles all the time.

It's hilarious when people make mobile phone calls on trains. Everyone else in the carriage is tutting because the caller doesn't realise how loud they are shouting. Each to their own, but I'd rather read on a train I don't want to talk to anyone.

The other thing that makes me laugh is the number of people that have a mobile, but keep it switched off or don't carry it around. What use is a mobile phone that isn't mobile?

The scatterbrain: Jilly Cooper, novelist


To be honest, I do have a mobile phone, but I can't remember ever using it. It's called an Orange or something and somebody put a photograph of one of my greyhounds on it. It sits in a box in my secretary's office. My thumbs are too big to use it, apart from anything, and we live in a place in Gloucestershire in which mobile phones don't work very well.

I had another one before my Orange that I didn't know how to answer either. I got it about eight years ago, but then everybody kept saying it was a "tank", so I got rid of it. It ought to be in a museum now, it was so enormous.

The only occasion I think it might be useful to have one is if one needed to call for help, but I can't remember ever being in that situation. I can't understand why everyone has to be tied to their mobile phones all the time. I went riding the other day and there were people on their mobiles on their horses, for goodness' sake. It's so awful.

The dinosaur: Anna Pavord, gardener


My children, with grim faces, gave me a mobile phone as a Christmas present, telling me that it is completely unacceptable for me to be charging around at night in my car in case I break down. I have never used it. I don't even know what its number is, though it's pasted on the back so that I can at least tell the AA what it is should I get into trouble.

It's plugged into the cigar lighter to keep its battery charged, but it would be a terrible shock if it were to ring one day.

People tend to think you're a dinosaur when you say you haven't got a mobile, but there are good reasons not to have one. Apart from anything else, we have very bad reception where I live. I also think they have become an excuse for laziness; people no longer make arrangements any more because mobiles mean they can do everything at the last minute. And I can't stand the way couples, who should be talking to each other, walk down the pavement side by side, talking separately into their phones. In a curious way, I think it has become a way to retreat from the world. The mobile creates a sort of bubble in which people create a world within a world. You get the same thing with children who spend their lives in their rooms playing computer games. I think it's dangerous.

I also don't like the fear of not having a mobile phone. People say you've got to have one in case something awful happens, as if life has become more dangerous than it was 100 years ago. In fact, I believe life is much safer.

Of course, all my children and grandchildren are fully mobiled up, but the thing is and this is the problem with people being constantly accessible they never pick up the phone. One of my children in particular never answers when I call, whether it's on a mobile or a landline. That's the consequence of being bombarded the entire time by people wanting to tell you things you don't want to know or don't need to know.

It drives me absolutely nuts when, in a quiet carriage on a train at half past six in the morning, some huge great fat guy with red cheeks steps in shouting into his mobile phone. I used to tap people on the shoulder and point out the "no mobiles" signs, but I would often get such a mouthful of abuse that I have stopped doing it now. Mobile phones have meant that there is practically nowhere you can go to be quiet now.

The oldie: Colin McGregor, retired vicar


I'm afraid I am extremely old, but I do have a very nice Dell laptop with an email number that I use all the time. I don't, however, have a mobile phone. Well, I do, actually it sat in my car in case of an emergency until I got rid of the car last year. I never used it and nobody knew the number. I got it three years ago, and topped it up with 10. I suppose the money's still somewhere.

I have been retired for 20 years, so there was never a problem with phones ringing during services. I do find it very irritating, when I take the train, to find several people in the carriage talking into phones. These days you walk down the road and you hear somebody talking in a loud voice and you think they're with somebody, but they're not, they're talking into a mobile phone. But that's my only gripe I can see they have their uses.

http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/no-signal-the-mobile-phone-refuseniks-834233.html

Elísio Macamo disse...

obrigado, bayano, muito interessante. vão se converter ou vão ficar cada vez mais imbecis. este é um dos grandes desafios que a tecnologia nos coloca. a resistência só é possível à custa da marginalização. infelizmente.

Anónimo disse...

Dear Ensio,

Please can you help me with some research I am doing on mobile phone communication in Mozambique.

I need to know what is the mobile phone adoption rate currently and for the next few years. Also, I would like to know what is mobile phone connectivity like in the more rural areas of Mozambique.

How are people in the more rural areas of Mozambique using their phone? Can they afford mobile phones or are they sharing mobile phones?

I would appreciate any information with regard to this.

You can send information to jigsaw1970@hotmail.com
It would be extremely well received.

Thanks.

Suzana